DANH SÁCH TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO(Edited for this excerpt.)
Andradé, Dale. 2001. America’s Last Vietnam Battle, Halting Hanoi’s 1972 Easter Offensive, University Press of Kansas, Kansas, U.S.A.
Butler, David. 1985. The Fall of Saigon: Scenes from the Sudden End of a Long War, Dell Publishing, New York, U.S.A.
Duong, Van Nguyen. 2008. The Tragedy of the Vietnam War – A South Vietnamese Officer’s Analysis. McFarland & Company, Inc., North Carolina, U.S.A.
Lam Quang Thi. 2009. Hell in An Loc: The 1972 Easter Invasion and the Battle that Saved South Vietnam, University of North Texas Press, Texas, U.S.A.
Parker, James E., Jr. 2000. Last Man Out, A Personal Account of the Vietnam War, Ballantine Book, New York, U.S.A.
Veith, George J. 2012. Black April - The Fall of South Vietnam, 1973-1975. Encounter Books, New York, U.S.A.
Vo, Nghia M.. 2004. The Bamboo Gulag: Political Imprisonment in Communist Vietnam, McFarland & Co Inc, North Carolina, U.S.A.
NGUỒN INTERNETCần lưu ý rằng nguồn Internet có thể không vĩnh viễn. Một blog có thể gỡ bỏ bởi tác giả, một bài báo có thể bị xóa, hoặc một Website có thể bị đóng cửa.
Công Lý. 2013. Phiên tòa đầu tiên ở Cần Thơ sau ngày giải phóng (The first court trial in Cần Thơ after liberation). Đăng 1-9-2013.
http://congly.com.vn/pha...ay-giai-phong-29260.html (truy cập 11-10-2013).
Phạm Thị Kim Hoàng. Không rõ năm. Hồi ký của bà Lê Văn Hưng (Memoir of Madame Lê Văn Hưng).
http://www.nguyenkhoanam.com/tam_tu3.html (truy cập 29-9-2013).
Phạm Thị Kim Hoàng. 2003. The Final Day of My Husband's Life, Tran Thi My Ngoc và Larry Engelmann dịch. 19-10-2003,
http://lde421.blogspot.com/2012_10_01_archive.html (truy cập 29-9-2013).
QLVNCH. 2012. Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn Là Biểu tượng cho Danh dự và Uy dũng của QLVNCH (Colonel Hồ Ngọc Cẩn represents the honor and valor of ARVN). Đăng 10-1-2012.
http://lhccshtd.org/LHCC...Cua_QLVNCH_2012JAN10.htm (truy cập 29-9-2013).
Tranhung. 2010. DANH SÁCH CHIẾN SĨ VNCH TỰ SÁT NGÀY 30/4/1975 (List of ARVN soldiers who committed suicide on April 30, 1975). Đăng 15-4-2010.
http://www.haisystem.com...ile=viewtopic&p=1768 (truy cập 30-9-2013).
Vnafmamn. Không rõ năm. Untold Story Section.
http://www.vnafmamn.com/black_april.html (truy cập 30-9-2013).
Wikipedia-Frye. 2013. Do not stand at my grave and weep. Thay đổi chót vào 16-9-2013.
http://en.wikipedia.org/...and_at_my_grave_and_weep (truy cập 30-9-2013).
Cao-Đắc Tuấn (Danlambao)
*
I DID NOT DIE
THE YEAR 1975
*
CẦN THƠ, APRIL 30, 1975
Forty-two-year-old Brigadier General Lê Văn Hưng sat quietly behind his desk in his office, his eyes staring at the wall. The brief radio broadcast announcement of President Dương Văn Minh echoed in his mind:
“I, General Dương Văn Minh, president of the Saigon government, appeal to the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam to lay down their arms and surrender unconditionally to the forces of the National Liberation Front. I declare that the Saigon government is completely dissolved at all levels.”
Earlier, at 10:24AM, he had heard Minh’s broadcast radio message that called on all sides to cease hostilities in preparation for the transfer of power to the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) of South Vietnam, or the Vietcong (VC). He had been devastated after that morning announcement. Although it was not a surprise, the reality of the collapse of South Vietnam began to sink in. Now, four hours later, Minh’s order of unconditional surrender had pushed that sinking feeling to its lowest point.
That was the end of it.
Before Minh’s morning broadcast, he had predicted what would happen. But he had not been terribly distressed. In fact, he had been enthusiastic. He and his commanding superior, Major General Nguyễn Khoa Nam, Commander of the MR IV, had planned a counteroffensive against the communists. Coded Linking Hands, the secret plan would provide for a systematic redeployment of all fighting combat units under their command to the jungles and the delta region in the MR IV. From there, they would establish a command center to reorganize the army and fight back against the communists. With at least ten thousand men, they would be able to sustain a prolonged insurgency and eventually build up their strength. The plan had been drawn up with detailed maps and retreating routes, and allocated personnel for transport of ammunition and supplies. All commanders at the company levels had been informed of the plan. They only needed to receive the final specific instructions of locations and routes of retreat.
The plan would have been a complete success if the Colonel they had entrusted to coordinate all units had carried out his task. At the last minute, Hưng found out that the Colonel had left his post with his family in their haste to flee from South Vietnam with other officers. A Captain who had been delegated for the task had also left.
The plan had been doomed. The unit commanders hadn’t received the instructions and the maps. The complete package of the logistics of the plan had been carried away with the Colonel. Without receiving any orders, the unit commanders had been confused, believing that the plan had been canceled. Minh’s broadcast message ordering a ceasefire had further compounded the problem. By the time he contacted his commanders, they had sent their soldiers home.
Nam and he had been infuriated after discovering the plan failure. They comforted each other and hoped for a miracle that would save South Vietnam. That hope had been shattered by Minh’s broadcast ceasefire message. And now, nothing was left for South Vietnam after Minh’s unconditional surrender.
It was clear to him he now had only one option.
Days earlier, his American liaison had urged Nam and him to evacuate with the Americans and other South Vietnamese officers through the Mekong River to the sea, but Nam and he had flatly refused.
“We can’t abandon our men,” he said to the liaison. “We are their commanders. We will stay and fight together with them till death.”
After repeated pleas, the American liaison had given up and reluctantly left without them.
Now, his soldiers had dropped their weapons at the order of their highest commander, President and General Minh. Nam and he had no more soldiers to fight.
Actually, it was not too late to leave South Vietnam. The MR IV had remained calm and undisturbed by the collapse of MRs I, II and III and Saigon. The VC concentration was very low and the NVAs had not infiltrated the area yet. But leaving South Vietnam had never been an option for him.
He looked out the window. It was dark outside. Evening had fallen on Cần Thơ. It was a day of remarkable calmness after the official collapse of Saigon.
He swallowed hard. How had it come to this? How could the military regions I, II, and III collapse within weeks, almost without a fight, except for the heroic battle of Xuân Lộc?
He thought of his days at An Lộc in 1972, the most intensive fighting he had experienced in his career. For almost two months, under constant enemy artillery shelling, the tiny town of An Lộc had repelled the massive assault by the NVAs. During the siege, there had been desperate times when he had thought his life would soon be over, but the thought of abandoning his men or surrendering to the enemy had never crossed his mind. Having been in the military for twenty years, now as the second-in-command of the entire MR IV, covering the entire Mekong Delta region, his life had constantly been dedicated to fighting against the communists. How could he leave his men? How could he surrender unconditionally to the enemy? But as a military commander, he also knew the strict rule of the army: follow the order of the superior commander. President Dương Văn Minh was now the supreme commander of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. He had ordered all combat units to surrender.
It was the stupid tactical withdrawal order of Thiệu. The former President of South Vietnam had announced his resignation on TV on April 21 with a promise to stay to fight as a soldier, only to flee the country a few days after his resignation speech. Poor Thiệu. He cried like a baby on TV, admitting that he had been duped by the Americans.
He sneered at the thought of the Americans. They could not be trusted. Regardless how much Nixon and Kissinger embellished their accomplishments for the Paris Peace Accords, the U.S. was the main culprit for the collapse of South Vietnam. Peace with honor. What a joke! Unilateral withdrawal of troops in a war was an act of admitting defeat, not peace. Abandoning the ally in the middle of the war was a disgrace, not honor. Leaving the ally to fight with dwindling ammunition and supplies against the enemy with escalating aid from two military superpowers was a cruel act. But the U.S. had never treated South Vietnam as their ally anyway. The American Generals had always considered the South Vietnamese army as an extension of their forces, and had to depend on them. To them, the little people didn’t know how to fight. Worse yet, many American officers believed that the South Vietnamese didn’t have the fighting spirit. What did they know about the logistical problems of troop movements, the vulnerability of an over-extended defense belt, the difficult problem of protecting the civilians from enemy attacks, and the worries about their own families? The Americans only believed the Americans. The U.S. Congress listened to their Generals while being influenced by the manipulative media, infiltrated by the cowardly anti-war activists, and fearful of their ignorant and misinformed constituents. They didn’t give a shit about their South Vietnamese ally.
But at this point, everything had become moot.
He stared at the words Honor – Homeland - Responsibilities below the eagle holding two swords in its claws on the service banner of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, which hung on the wall. The words had been ingrained in his mind for so long that they had become part of his life. He had vowed to follow these words the day he entered the military life. But now, he couldn’t keep all three of them. His homeland had been lost to the enemy. His responsibilities had been overridden and taken away by Minh’s order of unconditional surrender. He now only had Honor.
Honor. The real honor.
Many people didn’t fully understand the meaning of this word. Some even called one’s act of keeping honor a stupid act. Others would abuse it. Like Nixon’s peace with honor.
A knock at the door interrupted his thoughts.
“Come in,” he said.
Hoàng, his wife, stepped in.
“How is everything, dear?” she asked.
He paused and wondered if he should tell her what had been going on. What’s the point? But she was his wife and she deserved to know. Besides, there was a change in his plan with her and the children. He had to tell her. He had to convince her.
With controlled calmness, he began telling her about the failed plan and the current situation. She listened to him attentively, as always. As he finished, Hoàng looked at him with tears in her eyes. They had talked about their plan, the contingencies, and about dying together with their children. To keep honor.
He took a deep breath, and his eyes shone. “You have to live to take care of the kids.”
“Why?” she asked, puzzled. “Why have you changed your mind?”
He sighed in resignation. “Our kids are innocent. I can’t let them die.”
She cried. “You know we cannot let our children live under the communists. It’s like having them tortured. Let them die with me peacefully, in their sleep. We will die together.”
“No,” he said, his voice firm. “Parents cannot kill their children. I beg you. Bear the humiliation in order to live. Stay behind in my place and raise them to be righteous. Watch out for wealth, glory, and fame. Those are things that can blur your conscience. Remember, our motherland is the most important thing. Bear to abase yourself and put up with humiliation to raise our kids and ingrain in them the will to restore honor for our motherland.”
She sobbed. “If you don’t want them to die, why don’t you flee like the others?”
He glared at her. “You are my wife. How could you ask me such a question?”
She trembled. “Please forgive me. It’s because I love you so much.”
He gazed at her. In one brief moment, emotion overwhelmed him.
“Listen to me,” he said. “Other people can flee, but I cannot. I have served with thousands of soldiers, living with them through life-and-death moments. How can I abandon them? I will not surrender. The VCs are coming. I know when I face them, I can’t control myself and will shoot them. But that will cause bloodshed and more people and soldiers will die.”
“I know, but what should I do?”
He squeezed her hand. “We understand each other well. I know you are physically fragile but your will is like iron. Put up with humiliation. Disguise, change yourself. I trust you. For my sake, for our children’s sake, for our homeland’s sake. You can do it. Please listen to me. I beg you. I beg you.”
Tears rolled down her face. “Yes, I will.”
“Promise me. Promise me.”
“Yes, I promise.”
He smiled.
At 8:45PM, April 30, 1975, Brigadier General Lê Văn Hưng, 42, the hero of An Lộc, shot himself in his locked room after saying farewell to his family and his commanders, leaving behind his wife and two young children, ages five and two.
Less than a day later, his superior, Major General Nguyễn Khoa Nam, 47, shot himself at 7:30AM, May 1, 1975.
Brigadier General Lê Văn Hưng and Major General Nguyễn Khoa Nam were not the only officers who committed suicide.
On April 30, 1975 and May 1, 1975, several more military and national police officers of the Republic of Vietnam preferred death to seeing the communist flags flying in South Vietnam. Brigadier General Lê Nguyên Vỹ, 41, Commander of 5th Infantry Division shot himself at 11:00AM at Lai Khê. Brigadier General Trần Văn Hai, 49, Commander of 7th Infantry Division committed suicide by taking poison at Ðồng Tâm center. Major General Phạm Văn Phú, 46, Commander of MR II, committed suicide by poison at his home in Saigon. Lieutenant Colonel Ðặng Sĩ Vinh of the National Police shot himself, his wife, and their seven children at 2:00PM at his home in Saigon. Lieutenant Colonel Nguyễn Văn Long of the National Police shot himself in front of the Marines Statue at 11:00AM in Saigon. Second Lieutenant Nguyễn Thanh Quan of the Air Force shot himself at 3:15PM at his home. Master Sergeant Nguyễn Ngọc Ánh, 21, shot himself at 10:25AM on May 1, 1975 at Mộc Hóa airfield, Kiến Tường Province. Private Hồ Chí Tâm, 490th RF Battalion, shot himself with an M-16 at Đầm Cùn, Cà Mau.
The list went on. Lieutenant Colonel Vũ Đình Duy, Lieutenant Colonel Nguyễn Văn Hoàn, Lieutenant Colonel Nguyễn Đình Chi, Lieutenant Colonel Hà Ngọc Lương, Lieutenant Colonel Phạm Đức Lợi, Lieutenant Colonel Nguyễn Xuân Trân, Lieutenant Colonel Phạm Thế Phiệt, Air Force Major Nguyễn Gia Tập, Major Lương Bông, Major Mã Thành Liên, Major Nguyễn Văn Phúc, Navy Major Lê Anh Tuấn, Major Đỗ văn Phát, Major Trần Thế Anh, Captain Vũ Khắc Cẩn, Captain Tạ Hữu Di, Captain Nguyễn Văn Hựu, Captain Nguyễn Hòa Dương, First Lieutenant Đặng Trần Vinh, First Lieutenant Nghiêm Viết Thảo, First Lieutenant Nguyễn Văn Cảnh, Second Lieutenant Nguyễn Phụng, Airborne Second Lieutenant Hoàng Văn Thái and his seven comrades, Warrant Officer Đỗ Công Chính, Master Sergeant Phạm Xuân Thanh, Master Sergeant Bùi Quang Bộ, Military Police Sergeant Trần Minh, Attorney Trần Chánh Thành.
An unknown number of officers, soldiers, government officials, and citizens of the Republic of Vietnam committed suicide as a result of the collapse of South Vietnam on April 30, 1975.
CẦN THƠ, AUGUST 14, 1975
They didn’t blindfold the prisoner because they wanted him to face the people and the gun that would take his life. Together with other prisoners, he was sentenced to death by the People’s Court. His execution was held at the Cần Thơ stadium and open to the public. His enemy didn’t just want him to die. They wanted to humiliate him publicly and they wanted to use his death to warn others. The spectators, men and women, came to see him for the last time. His crime had been vaguely described, but it had to do with his stubborn fighting when the order of surrender had been announced. He and his men had fought till they used the last of their bullets, one day after the collapse of Saigon. Unlike others, he didn’t commit suicide, due to his Catholic faith.
He was dressed in black pajamas. His hands were tied behind his back and onto a tall wooden pole. He looked calm and dignified.
“Is there anything you want to say before your death?” the leader of the execution team asked.
The prisoner’s eyes glared at the execution team leader. “I didn’t surrender. I just want to wear my military uniform and salute the flag of the Republic of Vietnam.”
“That’s out of the question,” the team leader shouted at him. His face reddened.
The prisoner smiled. He had expected his captor’s reaction. He looked at the spectators, at the men and women with tense faces. Some bowed their heads and clasped their hands in prayer. Some wiped away tears. His heart tightened when he recognized many familiar faces of those who were residents in his province. He thought about his military life of more than twenty years, his fallen comrades, his hair’s breadth escapes from death on numerous battlefields, and his last battle. His family. His country.
His face hardened.
“Long live the Republic of Vietnam! Down with the Communists!” the prisoner shouted.
The team leader’s eyes widened in shock. “Shoot him,” he screamed.
The spectators gasped. Several closed their eyes.
The executioner, dressed in black with a black and white checkered scarf around his neck, pointed the pistol at the prisoner’s temple and pulled the trigger.
Colonel Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, Province Chief of Chương Thiện Province was executed by the Communists on August 14, 1975. His subordinate officers, including Major Trịnh Tấn Tiếp, District Chief of Kiến Thiện District; Lieutenant Colonel Võ văn Đường, Chương Thiện Chief Police; and Captain Phạm văn Bé, Commander of recon company, were also executed after their capture. Colonel Cẩn’s aide, Sergeant Vũ Tiến Quang, had been executed on May 1, 1975 right after he and Colonel Cẩn were taken prisoner. Hundreds of other fighting men of the Republic of Vietnam didn’t surrender and fought the Communists till their last bullets. Many were executed on the spot after being captured. Such was the case of Major Trần Đình Tự, 32, Commander of 38th Ranger Battalion, and his men, who were brutally executed on April 30, 1975.
News of the execution had spread all over town.
The sky was cloudy after a brief rain. The sun had descended. Evening began to fall in Cần Thơ.
The young woman was dressed completely in white. At first, people didn’t pay attention to her. They walked by her, glanced at her, and walked away. But when she took out a bundle of incense sticks, lit them, and knelt down in a prayer position, people began to gather around her.
She closed her eyes, prostrated herself three times and put the burning incense sticks in a pot.
She stood up and walked away, ignoring curious stares of the surrounding people and passers-by.
Somebody reported the strange incident to the people’s police. Soon, two security men arrived.
On the sidewalk, the incense sticks had burned halfway. A folded piece of paper stuck out underneath the pot. One of the security men removed the paper. He opened it.
On the sheet, the following lines were neatly written:
To the fallen soldiers, men and women of the Republic of Vietnam who fought for freedom and democracy.
The heroes died, but their heroic spirit will never die. (Anh hùng tử, khí hùng bất tử.)
Xin đừng đứng khóc bên mộ tôi.
Vì tôi không ngủ, đã đi rồi.
Tôi là ngàn gió bay thoang thoảng,
Là kim cương trên tuyết sáng ngời.
Tôi là thái dương trên hạt chín.
Là giọt mưa thu đọng nhẹ nhàng.
Khi người thức giấc mai bịn rịn,
tôi như cơn lốc bốc huy hoàng
của đàn chim bay quanh lặng lẽ.
Tôi là sao đêm ánh dịu màu.
Đừng đứng bên mộ tôi rơi lệ.
Tôi không ở đó; tôi không chết đâu.
Do not stand at my grave and weep,
I am not there; I do not sleep.
I am a thousand winds that blow,
I am the diamond glints on snow,
I am the sun on ripened grain,
I am the gentle autumn rain.
When you awaken in the morning’s hush
I am the swift uplifting rush
Of quiet birds in circling flight.
I am the soft starlight at night.
Do not stand at my grave and cry,
I am not there; I did not die.
Mary Elizabeth Frye, 1932
*
HISTORICAL AND FACTUAL NOTES
I DID NOT DIE (1975)...
The ARVN Generals and officers in the last days of South Vietnam:
Brigadier General Lê Văn Hưng was said to be anti-American (Andradé 2001, 351). However, this comment appears to be directed to his approach in fighting, and not necessarily to his attitude toward the American military. Parker, a CIA agent, described him to be warm and friendly (Parker 2000, 246, 250). Hưng’s relationship with his American advisor, Colonel Miller, during the Easter Offensive of 1972, was good initially but worsened as the battle dragged on. In 1971, when Hưng was commander of the 5th Infantry Division, Miller reported that Hưng displayed outstanding leadership, was aggressive, organized, and forceful (Andradé 2001, 351). But during the An Lộc battle in 1972, Miller was frustrated by Hưng’s lack of control and hesitation (Andradé 2001, 399; Lam 2009, 53). Compared to Colonel Trần văn Nhựt, the chief of Binh Long province in the An Lộc battle, Hưng looked weak and indecisive (Andradé 2001, 454). Colonel Ulmer, Miller’s replacement, had a different view. According to him, Hưng seemed weary and cautious, lost his composure a few times, but he was clearly in command and never buckled (Andradé 2001, 430-431). Miller’s comments about Hưng were also refuted by other sources (Lam 2009, 209-210).
Regarding Gen. Hưng and Nam’s “Linking Hands” plan in April 1975 to redeploy the troops in IV Corps to fight the communists, it is unclear if this was a realistic plan. According to Parker (2000, 281), Hưng said to him on April 15, 1975 that the South Vietnamese could not defend the delta because they didn’t have the right supplies and felt they had been abandoned. If the Linking Hands plan was Hưng’s serious plan, one can only surmise that he didn’t tell Parker the truth because he wanted to keep it secret.
Colonel Hồ Ngọc Cẩn was known as ARVN “soldier of the year” for his heroism in battles. Parker remarked that he was a soldier’s soldier, brave and incorruptible (ibid., 250; Cẩn’s name is mis-spelled as Canh). Brig. Gen. Hưng and Colonel Cẩn were known to be dedicated South Vietnamese patriots (ibid., 248).
The suicides of Generals Lê Văn Hưng, Nguyễn Khoa Nam, Phạm Văn Phú, Trần Văn Hai, Lê Nguyên Vỹ, and other national police and ARVN officers, and the execution of Colonel Hồ Ngọc Cẩn are reported on many Internet postings, Websites (See, for example, Vnafmamn), and several books (Parker 2000, 327-328; Butler 1985, 507; Lam 2009, 238-241; Veith 2012, 495-496; Vo 2004, 18-21; Duong 2008, 220). In particular, the widow of Brig. Gen. Lê Văn Hưng, Phạm Thị Kim Hoàng, recounted her husband’s final day in great detail (Phạm 2003; Parker 2000, 327-328). The story of Colonel Hồ Ngọc Cẩn and a picture of his execution (in his black pajama with a pistol pointed to his temple by a VC in black and a black and white checkered scarf around his neck) are posted on various Websites (QLVNCH 2012). An on-line article published in 2013 by Công Lý, an SRV government news agency of the “supreme people's court,” recounts the court trial and the execution of Colonel Hồ Ngọc Cẩn that took place in July 1975 (Congly 2013). According to the article, Colonel Cẩn’s “crime” was his stubbornness to “defend till death” in spite of Dương Văn Minh’s order of surrender.
There is a Website that provides a list of known ARVN Generals and Officers who committed suicide on April 30 and May 1, 1975 (Tranhung 2010).
The poem “Do not stand at my grave and weep”:
Mary Elizabeth Frye (1905-2004) was confirmed in 1998 to be the author of the poem, “Do not stand at my grave and weep” (“Xin đừng đứng khóc bên mộ tôi”) (Wikipedia-Frye 2013). She wrote the poem in 1932 but didn’t publish or copyright it, and the poem was attributed to an anonymous author for more than sixty years (see, for example, Parker 2000, 329). The poem addresses the reader/audience through the voice of a deceased person, invoking spiritual imagery (Wikipedia-Frye 2013). My Vietnamese version of the poem does not literally translate the poem word for word because I wanted to capture the poem in the Vietnamese style of poetry using a mixed style of 4-verse stanzas of standard and alternating rhyming patterns. My Vietnamese version conveys essentially the same meaning as the original American poem.
LIST OF REFERENCES(Edited for this excerpt.)
Andradé, Dale. 2001. America’s Last Vietnam Battle, Halting Hanoi’s 1972 Easter Offensive, University Press of Kansas, Kansas, U.S.A.
Butler, David. 1985. The Fall of Saigon: Scenes from the Sudden End of a Long War, Dell Publishing, New York, U.S.A.
Duong, Van Nguyen. 2008. The Tragedy of the Vietnam War – A South Vietnamese Officer’s Analysis. McFarland & Company, Inc., North Carolina, U.S.A.
Lam Quang Thi. 2009. Hell in An Loc: The 1972 Easter Invasion and the Battle that Saved South Vietnam, University of North Texas Press, Texas, U.S.A.
Parker, James E., Jr. 2000. Last Man Out, A Personal Account of the Vietnam War, Ballantine Book, New York, U.S.A.
Veith, George J. 2012. Black April – The Fall of South Vietnam, 1973-1975. Encounter Books, New York, U.S.A.
Vo, Nghia M.. 2004. The Bamboo Gulag: Political Imprisonment in Communist Vietnam, McFarland & Co Inc, North Carolina, U.S.A.
INTERNET SOURCESIt should be noted that Internet sources may not be permanent. A blog may be taken down by the author, a news article may be deleted, or a Website may be closed.
Công Lý. 2013. Phiên tòa đầu tiên ở Cần Thơ sau ngày giải phóng (The first court trial in Cần Thơ after liberation). Published September 1, 2013.
http://congly.com.vn/pha...ay-giai-phong-29260.html (accessed October 11, 2013).
Phạm Thị Kim Hoàng. Unknown date. Hồi ký của bà Lê Văn Hưng (Memoir of Madame Lê Văn Hưng).
http://www.nguyenkhoanam.com/tam_tu3.html (accessed September 29, 2013).
Phạm Thị Kim Hoàng. 2003. The Final Day of My Husband's Life, translated by Tran Thi My Ngoc and Larry Engelmann. October 19, 2003,
http://lde421.blogspot.com/2012_10_01_archive.html (accessed September 29, 2013).
QLVNCH. 2012. Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn Là Biểu tượng cho Danh dự vả Uy dũng của QLVNCH (Colonel Hồ Ngọc Cẩn represents the honor and valor of ARVN). Posted January 10, 2012.
http://lhccshtd.org/LHCC...Cua_QLVNCH_2012JAN10.htm (accessed September 29, 2013).
Tranhung. 2010. DANH SÁCH CHIẾN SĨ VNCH TỰ SÁT NGÀY 30/4/1975 (List of ARVN soldiers who committed suicide on April 30, 1975). Posted on April 15, 2010.
http://www.haisystem.com...ile=viewtopic&p=1768 (accessed September 30, 2013).
Vnafmamn. Unknown date. Untold Story Section.
http://www.vnafmamn.com/black_april.html (accessed September 30, 2013).
Wikipedia-Frye. 2013. Do not stand at my grave and weep. Last modified on September 16, 2013.
http://en.wikipedia.org/...and_at_my_grave_and_weep (accessed September 30, 2013).
Sửa bởi người viết 30/04/2014 lúc 09:45:22(UTC)
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